本文将分享15个初学者必看的基础SQL查询语句,都很基础,但是你不一定都会,所以好好看看吧。

1、创建表和数据插入SQL

我们在开始创建数据表和向表中插入演示数据之前,我想给大家解释一下实时数据表的设计理念,这样也许能帮助大家能更好的理解SQL查询。

在数据库设计中,有一条非常重要的规则就是要正确建立主键和外键的关系。

现在我们来创建几个餐厅订单管理的数据表,一共用到3张数据表,Item Master表、Order Master表和Order Detail表。

创建表:

创建Item Master表:

向Item Master表插入数据:

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<pre class="brush:sql;">
INSERT INTO [ItemMasters] ([Item_Code],[Item_Name],[Price],[TAX1],[Discount],[Description],[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('Item001','Coke',55,1,'Coke which need to be cold',GETDATE(),'SHANU','SHANU')

INSERT INTO [ItemMasters] ([Item_Code],[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('Item002','Coffee',40,2,'Coffe Might be Hot or Cold user choice',[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('Item003','Chiken Burger',125,5,'Spicy',[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('Item004','Potato Fry',15,'No Comments','SHANU')

创建Order Master表:

向Order Master表插入数据:

INSERT INTO [OrderMasters]
([Order_No],[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('Ord_002','T2','Mak','MAK')

INSERT INTO [OrderMasters]
([Order_No],[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('Ord_003','T3','RAJ','RAJ')

创建Order Detail表:

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CREATE TABLE [dbo].[OrderDetails](
[Order_Detail_No] varchar NOT NULL,[Order_No] varchar CONSTRAINT fk_OrderMasters FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES OrderMasters(Order_No),[Item_Code] varchar CONSTRAINT fk_ItemMasters FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES ItemMasters(Item_Code),[Notes] varchar NOT NULL,[QTY] INT NOT NULL,CONSTRAINT [PK_OrderDetails] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[Order_Detail_No] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF,ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]

--Now let’s insert the 3 items for the above Order No 'Ord_001'.
INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]
([Order_Detail_No],[Order_No],[Item_Code],[Notes],[QTY],[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('OR_Dt_001','Ord_001','Item001','Need very Cold',3,'SHANU')

INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]
([Order_Detail_No],[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('OR_Dt_002','Item004','very Hot ',[UP_USR_ID])
VALUES
('OR_Dt_003','Item003','Very Spicy',4,'SHANU')

向Order Detail表插入数据:

2、简单的Select查询语句

Select查询语句是SQL中最基本也是最重要的DML语句之一。那么什么是DML?DML全称Data Manipulation Language(数据操纵语言命令),它可以使用户能够查询数据库以及操作已有数据库中的数据。

下面我们在SQL Server中用select语句来查询我的姓名(Name):

在数据表中使用select查询:

3、合计和标量函数

合计函数和标量函数都是SQL Server的内置函数,我们可以在select查询语句中使用它们,比如Count(),Max(),Sum(),Upper(),lower(),Round()等等。下面我们用SQL代码来解释这些函数的用法:

returns the Total no of records from table,AVG() returns the Average Value from Colum,MAX() Returns MaX Value from Column
--,MIN() returns Min Value from Column,SUM() sum of total from Column
Select Count(*) TotalRows,AVG(Price) AVGPrice,MAX(Price) MAXPrice,MIN(Price) MinPrice,Sum(price) PriceTotal
FROM ItemMasters

-- Scalar
-- UCASE() -> Convert to Upper Case,LCASE() -> Convert to Lower Case,-- SUBSTRING() ->Display selected char from column ->SUBSTRING(ColumnName,StartIndex,LenthofChartoDisplay)
--,LEN() -> lenth of column date,-- ROUND() -> Which will round the value
SELECT UPPER(Item_NAME) Uppers,LOWER(Item_NAME) Lowers,SUBSTRING(Item_NAME,3) MidValue,LEN(Item_NAME) Lenths,LEN(Item_NAME)) MidValuewithLenFunction,ROUND(Price,0) as Rounded
FROM ItemMasters

4、日期函数

在我们的项目数据表中基本都会使用到日期列,因此日期函数在项目中扮演着非常重要的角色。有时候我们对日期函数要非常的小心,它随时可以给你带来巨大的麻烦。在项目中,我们要选择合适的日期函数和日期格式,下面是一些SQL日期函数的例子:

to Display the Current Date and Time
-- Format() -> used to display our date in our requested format
Select GETDATE() CurrentDateTime,FORMAT(GETDATE(),'yyyy-MM-dd') AS DateFormats,'HH-mm-ss')TimeFormats,CONVERT(VARCHAR(10),10) Converts1,CONVERT(VARCHAR(24),113),CONVERT(NVARCHAR,getdate(),106) Converts2,-- here we used Convert Function
REPLACE(convert(NVARCHAR,106),' ','/') Formats-- Here we used replace and --convert functions.
--first we convert the date to nvarchar and then we replace the '' with '/'

select * from Itemmasters

Select ITEM_NAME,IN_DATE CurrentDateTime,FORMAT(IN_DATE,IN_DATE,convert(NVARCHAR,'/') Formats
FROM Itemmasters

DatePart –> 该函数可以获取年、月、日的信息。

DateADD –> 该函数可以对当前的日期进行加减。

DateDiff –> 该函数可以比较2个日期。

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--Datepart DATEPART(dateparttype,yourDate)
SELECT DATEPART(yyyy,getdate()) AS YEARs,DATEPART(mm,getdate()) AS MONTHS,DATEPART(dd,getdate()) AS Days,DATEPART(week,getdate()) AS weeks,DATEPART(hour,getdate()) AS hours

--Days Add to add or subdtract date from a selected date.
SELECT GetDate()CurrentDate,DATEADD(day,12,getdate()) AS AddDays,-4,getdate()) AS FourDaysBeforeDate

-- DATEDIFF() -> to display the Days between 2 dates
select DATEDIFF(year,'2003-08-05',getdate()) yearDifferance,DATEDIFF(day,-24,getdate()),getdate()) daysDifferent,DATEDIFF(month,DATEADD(Month,6,getdate())) MonthDifferance

5、其他Select函数

Top ——

结合select语句,Top函数可以查询头几条和末几条的数据记录。

Order By ——

结合select语句,Order By可以让查询结果按某个字段正序和逆序输出数据记录。

First Display top 2 Records Select TOP 2 Item_Code,In_DATE FROM ItemMasters --> to Display the Last to Records we need to use the Order By Clause -- order By to display Records in assending or desending order by the columns Select TOP 2 Item_Code,In_DATE FROM ItemMasters ORDER BY Item_Code DESC

Distinct ——

distinct关键字可以过滤重复的数据记录。

To avoid the Duplicate records we use the distinct in select statement
-- for example in this table we can see here we have the duplicate record 'Chiken Burger'
-- but with different Item_Code when i use the below select statement see what happen

Select Item_name as Item,IN_USR_ID
FROM ItemMasters
-- here we can see the Row No 3 and 5 have the duplicate record to avoid this we use the distinct Keyword in select statement.

select Distinct Item_name as Item,IN_USR_ID
FROM ItemMasters

6、Where子句

Where子句在SQL Select查询语句中非常重要,为什么要使用where子句?什么时候使用where子句?where子句是利用一些条件来过滤数据结果集。

dawei

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